OTTAWA — Canadian voters are heading to the polls Monday for three federal by-elections that could provide an early test of the political mood surrounding Prime Minister Mark Carney’s government.

Voting is taking place in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, following vacancies created by the departures of former members of Parliament. The contests are being closely watched by federal parties looking for signs of shifting voter support.

The Canada-U.S. trade dispute is expected to be an important issue during the campaigns, with tariffs and Ottawa’s response creating economic and political pressure across the country.

For Carney’s Liberals, the by-elections offer an opportunity to demonstrate continued voter support after the government adopted a tougher position toward Washington. Opposition parties, meanwhile, are seeking gains that could increase pressure on the federal government.

The results could also provide political parties with valuable information about regional voting patterns ahead of future federal contests.

With three ridings voting on the same day, the outcome will be closely watched across Parliament Hill for clues about voter sentiment, government approval and the political impact of Canada’s ongoing trade confrontation with the United States.